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Financial Terms

Plain-language definitions of every Financial Terms term that shows up in government tender work.


Financial Terms

Advance Payment

An upfront payment made to a contractor or supplier at contract start, typically ranging from 10 to 30 percent of the contract value, to cover mobilisation costs before work begins.

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Financial Terms

Arbitration (International)

A binding, private dispute resolution process used in international procurement contracts where an independent tribunal hears evidence from both parties and issues an enforceable award in place of court litigation.

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Financial Terms

Arbitration (International)

A private, binding dispute resolution process in which parties submit their disagreement to an independent arbitral tribunal, whose award is enforceable across more than 170 countries under the New York Convention.

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Financial Terms

Claims and Disputes

The formal process under a contract by which a party asserts entitlement to additional time or money, and the escalation path if the claim is rejected and becomes a dispute requiring third-party resolution.

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Financial Terms

Contingency Sum

An unallocated financial reserve built into a project budget to cover unforeseen costs or risks that cannot be attributed to specific items at the time the contract is prepared.

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Financial Terms

Currency of Bid

The currency or currencies in which a bidder is required to express its price in a tender submission, as specified in the instructions to bidders in the solicitation documents.

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Financial Terms

Currency of Payment

The currency or currencies in which the employer will actually pay the contractor under the contract, which may differ from the currency used to express the bid price.

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Financial Terms

Day Works

A method of valuing varied or unforeseen work by paying the contractor the actual cost of labour, plant, and materials plus an agreed percentage for overheads and profit, used when measurement is impractical.

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Financial TermsDAB

Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB)

A standing panel of independent experts appointed at contract start that issues binding decisions on disputes during construction, allowing works to continue while the decision is challenged if either party is dissatisfied.

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Financial TermsDAB

Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB)

A standing panel of independent experts appointed at contract start to visit the project regularly and issue binding decisions on disputes within 84 days, with those decisions enforceable even if a party gives notice of dissatisfaction.

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Financial TermsDRB

Dispute Review Board (DRB)

A standing panel of independent experts that issues non-binding recommendations on disputes referred by contracting parties, used on projects where the parties prefer a facilitative rather than adjudicative first-tier mechanism.

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Financial TermsDRB

Dispute Review Board (DRB)

An independent panel of experts appointed at contract start that issues non-binding recommendations on disputes, giving parties a rapid, informed assessment before they decide whether to proceed to arbitration.

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Financial Terms

Escalation Clause

A contract provision that allows the contract price to be adjusted upward or downward to reflect changes in costs such as labour, fuel, or materials over the contract period.

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Financial Terms

Exchange Rate (Bid Evaluation)

The fixed currency conversion rate specified in tender documents that procurement officers use to translate bids submitted in different currencies into a single evaluation currency, ensuring all offers are compared on a consistent financial basis.

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Financial Terms

Exchange Rate (Bid Evaluation)

The official rate used by a procuring entity to convert bids expressed in different currencies into a single evaluation currency, fixed at a specific date stated in the solicitation documents.

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Financial Terms

Final Payment

The last payment made under a contract after all works are complete, defects remedied, and accounts agreed, settling the outstanding balance including retained funds and any accepted claims.

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Financial Terms

Force Majeure

A contract provision that excuses a party from performance obligations when an extraordinary event beyond its reasonable control makes performance impossible or illegal, typically entitling the affected party to a time extension.

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Financial Terms

ICC Arbitration

Arbitration administered by the International Chamber of Commerce under its ICC Rules, the world's most widely used institutional framework for resolving international commercial and procurement disputes.

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Financial Terms

Liquidated Damages

A pre-agreed daily or weekly sum the contractor pays the employer for each day of delay beyond the contract completion date, quantifying delay compensation without requiring proof of actual loss.

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Financial Terms

Mediation

A voluntary, confidential dispute resolution process in which a neutral mediator helps contracting parties negotiate a mutually acceptable settlement, without imposing a binding decision.

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Financial Terms

Milestone Payment

A payment tied to the verified completion of a defined project milestone or deliverable, linking cash release to tangible outputs rather than to elapsed time or measured quantities.

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Financial Terms

Price Adjustment Formula

A contractual formula that adjusts payments to a contractor over time to reflect changes in labour, material, and equipment costs, protecting both parties from inflation risk on long contracts.

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Financial Terms

Progress Payment

A periodic payment made to a contractor based on certified work completed to date, keeping cash flowing through a long contract without waiting until completion for full settlement.

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Financial Terms

Provisional Sum

A defined allowance included in a contract for works or items whose scope or cost cannot be determined precisely at the time of bidding, to be spent only on the engineer's instruction.

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Financial Terms

Retention Money

A percentage withheld from each progress payment as a performance security, released in two tranches at substantial completion and at the end of the defects liability period.

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Financial Terms

Termination for Default

The employer's right to end a contract when the contractor has committed a material breach such as prolonged suspension, insolvency, or persistent failure to perform, with the employer entitled to recover additional completion costs.

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Financial Terms

UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules

A universally accepted set of procedural rules for ad hoc international arbitration published by the UN Commission on International Trade Law, widely used in investment and procurement disputes.

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Financial Terms

Variation Order / Change Order

A formal instruction issued under a contract that directs the contractor to add, omit, or alter scope, with the associated cost and time adjustment determined through the contract's valuation mechanism and agreed before or after execution of the changed work.

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Financial Terms

Variation Order / Change Order

A formal written instruction from the engineer or employer that directs the contractor to add, omit, or alter scope under an existing contract, with agreed adjustments to price and time.

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